Chemicals in Foods are Harmful to Consumers Health Research - 1925 Words

Chemicals in Foods are Harmful to Consumers Health Research (Essay Sample) Content: (Name)(Instructorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ name)(Course)(Date)Chemicals in foods are harmful to consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ healthAlthough naturally, food is made up of nutrients that are essential and healthy for human consumption, chemicals added in the food have posed a health risk to consumers. The paper is a justification of the fact that chemicals in the modern food have had harmful effects that outweigh the benefits to the consumers. The demerits of chemical additives in the food are clearly stated.The food industry has had significant advances in the past 100 years. The innovations in the industry have been more harmful than good to the human beings. More than three-quarters of supermarket shelves are filled with processed and packaged foods. However, most foods bought in supermarkets and stores today contain chemicals used to increase the shelf span and improve production in industries. The chemicals include herbicides, fertilizers, pesticides, artificial colors, fats and sweete ners and preservatives. These chemicals are known to be much harmful to the consumers such that their potential dangers outweigh the benefits they offer (Dorne Fink, 192). Even though they increase the risk of diseases, manufacturers rarely include all of the substances on their labels. The industrial revolution and scientific progress have been good news through the innovations that have made life easier and much comfortable. On the other hand, in the food industry, advances are proving to be a setback for people to maintain a healthy life because there has been an enormous introduction of chemicals in the food supply chain. Food processing began after the World War II where manufacturers never hid the new components they used as food additives. During this era, women had limited time to cook in their houses thus people would easily adopt the processed foods for convenience purposes. With time, the processed products have flooded the groceries in the market. The counter effect of this advance in the food industry has been nothing to smile about if one would think of the impact on peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s health (Grunnert, Klaus and Bruce, 270).Chemicals are added to foodstuff for different reasons. For instance, artificial food dyes and colorings make food look pretty, and the appeal to the eye encourages individuals to purchase food that they would not have thought of consuming. These are found in cheese, candy, cake mixes and macaroni (Weiss Bernard, 3). However, the artificial dyes are known to inhibit the development of nerve cells. The artificial dyes are normally petroleum products, and research shows that they are a cause for brain cancer, hyperactivity in children and deterioration of nerve cells. Many common cola drinks are made of Methylimidazole that is known for causing leukemia, thyroid, lung and liver cancer. A study in the US on the impact of food dyes on school going children found out that those who had a high score on hyperactivity scale took a blend of food-dye. They also performed dismally on the tests that measured their ability to recall images as compared to when they consumed a placebo. Today Americans are consuming five times more dye than how they did in the nineteenth century. Observations by several parents reveal that their childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s behavior improved drastically when deprived access to food dyes like Red #40. Most food dyes have been banned due to their adverse effects on animal specimens in the laboratory tests. According to reports by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), even the approved food dyes are still a health risk to human beings (Potter, Norman Joseph, 870). Amongst the dyes that were approved include: Blue 1 which can cause hypertension, Blue 2 may not be safe too since the laboratory test results on rats reveal incidences of brain gliomas and tumor in rats. Citrus Red 2 which is approved to color orange skins is also harmful to rodents and poses minimal risks to human. It should therefore not be used in the food supply. Green 3 is considered safe by FDA, but further investigations should be carried out for proof. Orange B used on sausage casings has not been used for a long time in the US even though the Limited industry never revealed any toxicity challenges of the dye. There is a need to revoke the approval of Red 3 as it has been proved to be carcinogenic. In 2009, the British government warned companies to seize using Yellow 5 dye because of the adverse effects including cancer, allergic reactions, organ damages and birth defects. After 2010, the European Union also considered sounded a warning notice on foods containing dyes. A comprehensive report by the Center for Science in the public interest has recommendations to the FDA to ban the use of most dyes in food and drugs. CSPI opines that the law should be amended to make it easy for food colorings and additives to be banned. They assert that the dyes are more of just a cosmetic impact but serve no pu rpose. FDA defines a safe additive as one that has convincing evidence not to cause any harm, a definition that is not true with most dyes and that is why the Congress has not out rightly regarded the dyes as safe (Kanarek and Robin, 387).Processed foods would not have a long shelf life if not for the chemicals added for preservation. Some of the preservatives manufacturers add to processed foods include sulfites and nitrites. The additives hinder the microorganismsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ growth. Nitrites are good at preservation of processed fish and meat, but the human body breaks them to nitrosamines that are carcinogenic. This is an advantage to the food processing companies but harmful to the consumer. According to August 2006 research by Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, consumption of nitrosamine from meat was found to aggravate the stomach cancer risk. Dried fruits, wine, and fruit juice are mostly preserved by sulfites that according to the Cleveland Clinic may escalate the risk of as thma attack. The companies tend to assure their customers that their products are safe even though their research to support this is biased and tends to support them. The research is done by firms or individuals that directly benefit from the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sales. It is reported that more than 90% of Americans spent their money on processed foods, but the question asked by most nutritionists is, "just how safe are the foods?" Whereas most of the additives are approved for human consumption in America, they have been banned in most European countries. There is a very strong recommendation from researchers that citizens prepare their meals from whole foodstuffs to avoid any threats to their health. Most cereals consumed in America for breakfast contain two chemicals BHT and BHA usually used for prevention of oxidation of oils and fats in food. Although FDA has approved this chemical alongside others, they are known to have caused several health challenges. Studies show that pres ervatives aggravate symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) in patients. Other people may experience difficulties in ingestion and metabolism of BHT and BHA compounds thus leading to other health problems and behavioral changes as well. According to other studies, sodium benzoates, a preservative in fruit juices can cause hyperactivity in children below three years. FDA points that it is almost inevitable for Americans to consume food processed with preservatives (Egan, Sara, Philip and Clark, 578). Most of the manufacturers label the synthetic preservatives as ingredients for maintaining freshness bad their adverse effects and meanings are hidden from customers. Despite the FDA declaring most preservatives as safe for consumption, the US government claims that the components aspects of safety are yet to be satisfactorily known. Since there is a contrast in the opinions on the safety of additives and preservatives, it is upon the consumer to carefully make considerations before consumption (Nielsen Suzanne, 56).Food processors use fats and artificial sweeteners to process their food products. Most manufacturers call their sweeteners natural, which is confusing since they are either refined or processed, although they are derived from natural substances like stevia. Artificial sweeteners have become decent replacements to sugar because they add no calories to oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s diet. They have widely been applied in processed foods including soft drinks, baked goods, candy, puddings, dairy products, beverages and canned foods. The sweeteners are also common for use in homes. Top among the benefits of the artificial sweeteners is the fact that they do not cause tooth decay. They as well help in weight control because they are non-nutritive hence add no calories to the body. Unlike the regular sugar that contains four calories in each gram, sweeteners are preferred to because of this fact. Even though researc h suggests that consumption of the artificial sweeteners is associated with weight gain, the cause is yet to be established. The sweeteners are considered alternatives to regular sugar, especially for diabetic patients. They are known not to raise the blood sugar levels. However, the sweeteners have other health concerns. Studies in the 19th century have linked artificial sugars like saccharin to cancer risk (Lustig, Robert, Laura Claire, 28). Olean has been used in the place of cooking oil in corn chips, French fries, and fat-free potato chips but are known to hinder the body from absorbing vitamins. Olestra also causes cramps and anal leakage. Brominated vegetable oil is added to citric sodas and sports drinks to facilitate food dye to stick to liquid. Olestra is prohibited in Canada and UK because of the risk exposure. The bromine in BVO is a chemical is known to cause damage to major organs, schizophrenia, growth problems, hearing loss as well as birth d...

Human Embryonic Stem Cells - 1916 Words

The human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have defined by Bryant and Schwartz (2008) is in the mammalian embryo, there are several cell divisions that take place after the fertilization of the sperm and the egg in the uterus. There is no growth in the total volume of the cell, so the cells that are known as blastomeres get progressively smaller. Then, they are rearranging into a hollow ball known as blastocyst and surround the blastocoel which is a fluid-filled cavity. The blastocyts and then segregate into an outer layer called tropoblast and an inner cell mass (ICM). The tropoblast will form the placenta to the fetus while the inner cell mass that contains human embryonic stem cell will form the tissues of the fetus. According to Sandel and Phil (2004), the hESCs can cure and provide treatment for many kinds of disease such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, diabetes and spinal cord injury. But, ethical issues of hESCs research, therefore, overlap with those of the embryo research. On top of th at, De Wert and Mummery (2003) commented that the research of hESCs has high political and ethical agenda in many countries. Their use in the treatment of disease remains controversial regardless of their potential benefit. This is because their derivation from the early embryo. As Fischbach, Fischbach and others (2004) observe: Human embryonic stem cells offer the promise of a new regenerative medicine in which damaged adult cells can be replaced with new cells. Research is needed to determineShow MoreRelatedThe Human Embryonic Stem Cells910 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscovery of human embryonic stem cells, scientists have had high hopes for their use in treating a wider variety of diseases because they are â€Å"pluripotent,† which means they are capable of differentiating into one of many cell types in the body. However, the acquisition of human embryonic stem cells from an embryo can cause the destruction of the embryo, thus raising ethical concerns. In 2006, researchers introduced an alternative to harvesting embryonic stem cells called induced pluripotent stem (iPS)Read MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1625 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, the Pontifical Academy for Life presents the field of stem cell research with a statement regarding the official Roman Catholic position on the moral aspects of acquiring and using human embryonic stem cells.  They have declared that it is not morally legitimate to produce or use human embryos as a source of stem cells, nor is it acceptable to use stem cells from cell lines already established. Thus, bringing up the conflictingRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research2490 Words   |  10 PagesFederal Government to fund stem cell research through the National Institute of He alth. There are various types of stem cells, but the policy issue mainly covers human embryonic stem cells. This policy revokes President George W. Bush s executive order 13435 which put heavy limitations on federal funding for stem cell research. Although this policy has already taken effect, there are still bans and immense regulation on particular methods of human embryonic stem cell extraction that involve theRead MoreEssay on Human Embryonic Stem Cells 2138 Words   |  9 Pagesof a federal judge because of several issues that emerged with stem cell research being funded by the government. Although, the science of human embryonic stem cell is in its initial stages - there is much hope for scientific advancement due to the ability for human embryonic stem cells to grow into virtually various kinds of cells   Favorably, advocates for stem cell research and pharmaceutical companies strongly believe that stem cells may pave a way to discover new methods of treatment for devastat ingRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cells ( Hescs )1627 Words   |  7 PagesEstablishment of iPSC The interest in developing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a regenerative medicine has been prospering due to its pluripotency and indefinite self-renewal capacity since first discovered in 19981,2. However, the method to harvest hESCs by destroying embryos raised ethical concerns and thus the progress of this therapeutics has been impeded for years. Alternative approach was not achieved until the discover of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by integrating a combination ofRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research992 Words   |  4 PagesThe liver is known in the medical community as a miracle organ because is it the only known organ in the human body that can regenerate itself if half of it is cut out. Tissue regeneration has always been a desirable fantasy, but now it is almost a possibility. Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that, although unspecialized, can differentiate into various specialized cells, such as nerves, muscle, skin, or even blood. Sadl y, controversy surrounds this relatively new scientific conceptRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1313 Words   |  6 PagesJessica Rogers Kendra Gallos English III Honors 18 April 2016 Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, or HES cell research, is a very controversial ethical debate. This issues is a dilemma for scientist, religious activist, and many more. HES cell research is being disputed because the practice is morally wrong. The other side of the issue stands with many scientist, being that they see the potential lives it could save in the long run. Religious activist, andRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cells : The Moral Dilemma898 Words   |  4 PagesHUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS: THE MORAL DILEMMA Stem cells are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, even after long periods of inactivity. Stems cells can develop into many different cell types within the body during early life and growth. Stem cells can also serve as an internal repair of sorts inside many tissues. When a stem cell divides, it has the potential to either become another type of cell with a specialized function or remain a stem cell. The abilitiesRead MoreHuman Stem Cell Research : Ethical Dilemmas With The Utility Of Embryonic Stem Cells1879 Words   |  8 PagesTrevor McCarthy Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research possesses ethical dilemmas with the utility of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from human blastocyst, one of the earliest stages of embryonic development. Embryonic stem cell derivation is controversial because there are different opinions and beliefs on when an embryo is deserving of full moral status, equal to the moral respect, rights and treatment to that of a human being. ESCs extracted from a blastocyst will undergo experimentationRead More Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay4185 Words   |  17 PagesHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research Many scientists believe that research on human embryonic stem cells, components of human embryos created in laboratories, will eventually yield cures to a number of devastating human conditions including juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s disease and spinal cord injuries. On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush announced he would permit federally funded research on existing stem cells lines derived from human embryos. He prohibited the federal funding of research

Essay on The Winnipeg General Strike - 1689 Words

The Winnipeg General Strike The year of 1919 has been one of the most influential years of strikes in Canadian history. The event that occurred on this year still lingers in Canadian minds and continues to be one of the most meaningful and powerful effects of labor protest and the struggle of people to create trade union rights. As it is stated it is â€Å"the first and the only time in Canadian history that a major city was split clearly into two opposing classes.† (McNaught,†¦show more content†¦At the same time, Prime Minister Robert Borden passed a legislation that banned labor unions in the country. Due to the newly build railroad, many immigrants started to immigrate to the west and by 1919 the population of working cla ss in Winnipeg tripled. It is stated that: â€Å"the end of the world war signaled the release from the patriotic obligations that had kept reluctant workers on the job, and it brought new and complex problems of reconstruction and soldiers’ resettlement.† (Bercuson McNaught, 1974). The war was over in 1918 and much of Canada’s production and shipment to Europe stopped. Many people in Winnipeg were left unemployed and with the return of soldiers from war, the unemployment rate rose even higher. The Canadians took an example from the Russian’s Bolshevik revolution that occurred in 1917, where the Russians were able to overthrow their government and opt for change. Canadians however did not want to resort to violent acts like the Russians, but they believed that they can bring change if the working class had more power. As one author says, â€Å" indicative of the prevalent labor unrest was the series of strikes in western Canada in 1918. Of those the m ost serious occurred in Winnipeg. It lasted for over three weeks and reached semi-generalShow MoreRelatedWinnipeg General Strike898 Words   |  4 PagesThe Winnipeg General Strike happened from May 15-June 25, 1919. This strike is Canada’s best known strike in its history. Massive unemployment and inflation, the success of the Russian Revolution in 1917, and rising Revolutionary Industrial Unionism, all were contributions to the postwar labor unrest that put the strike in motion. In March 1919 western labour leaders met in Calgary to discuss the creation of OBU (One Big Union). In Winnipeg on May 15, when negotiations broke down between managementRead MoreBy The 1900, European Empires Dominated The World. The1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 20th century. The three most significant events in the 20th century were The Winnipeg General Strike, the rationing and the joining of Newfoundland. To start off, The Winnipeg General Strike that started from 15 May to 25 June 1919 was a Canada’s best-known strike. People in Canada started to fight for their rights, demanded for a higher wage, shorter working week, and the right to bargain collectively. This strike brought a negative influence on Canada, and caused the government to interveneRead MoreThe Winnipeg General Strike : A Rift Between Western Canadian Employers And Labour Workers962 Words   |  4 PagesCHC2Dc Stage 2 Research Report The Winnipeg General Strike Research Question: How does the Winnipeg general Strike mark a rift between western Canadian employers and labour workers? Outline: I) Introduction - General Background information - Focus statement: This paper will focus on the opposition between western Canadian labour unions’ resolve to play a larger role in politics and industry and employers’ objection to comply with them. II) The progress of the strike: a demonstration of workers’ neglectRead MoreWhat Is Moore s View Of Corporate Social Responsibility1563 Words   |  7 Pagesgot run down, including the most recent one, the GM company and the world’s largest indoor theme park called Auto world. It wasn’t too long until the tourist attraction city didn’t last, it was not a very interesting place for people to visit. The General Motors company did not practise their corporate social responsibility as well as it should have. The company did not attribute as much as they should of to it’s citizens in terms of: helping them, donating to charity causes, etc. Roger Smith’s intentionsRead MoreThomas Clement Douglas s The Greatest Canadian878 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily. Tommy was born 1904 in Camelon, Scotland. When Tommy Douglas was 6 years old, his family relocated to the city of Winnipeg in Canada. Unfortunately, before Tommy had left Scotland, he had fallen and wounded his right knee which led to Osteomyelitis(an infection of the bone). Many treatments in Scotland had to be done to help him recover, even though later in Winnipeg the Osteomyelitis started up again. There was not much that could be done as medical care at that time in Canada was very expensiveRead MoreEach Event I Choose In The Timeline Was Accordingly Chosen1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthis could also happen to us again in the future. Fourthly, there was the Winnipeg general strike which found me mesmerized. I never thought that something like that could ever happen and just go bad to the way it was†¦ just like that. I think that is was historically significant as it left Winnipeg feeling bitter, all the same, as it left fear. I found it like a lost cause as they didn’t get anything from their strikes other than loss of money, and sadness. I think that it had a huge impact asRead MoreThe Canadian Labor1883 Words   |  8 Pagesthat the order-in-council, PC 1003 caused many deprivations, hardships, social inequality among the working class Canadians; it has also led to the positive effects on the working class Canadians by gaining higher wages and benefits by prohibiting strike activity and introduction of the grievance procedure. Why did the Order-in-council PC 1003 came into effect? During the Second World War, the federal government declared the state of emergency which made the Canadian government to grant the CanadiansRead MoreThe Impact On Canadian Actions Throughout The 20th Century2151 Words   |  9 PagesWar I ï€ ­ Winnipeg General Strike ï€ ­ Estevan Massacre ï€ ­ Formation of the Communist Party ï€ ­ On-to-Ottawa Strike Post World War II ï€ ­ Igor Gouzenko ï€ ­ Iron Curtain ï€ ­ NATO ï€ ­ NORAD/DEW line ï€ ­ WARSAW Pact ï€ ­ Avro Arrow Confrontation ï€ ­ Truman Doctrine ï€ ­ United Nations Security Council ï€ ­ Korean War ï€ ­ Vietnam ï€ ­ Cuban Missile Crisis History has shown in what way after the First World War, the Canadian government has responded to several communism uprisings events. The Winnipeg General Strike is one exampleRead MoreThe Idle No More Movement Essay1725 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounding the passing of Bill C-45 and to help stop the erosion of the current treaties between the Aboriginal people and the Canadian government as well as the erosion of the rights of both the Aboriginal people and the rights of all Canadian people in general (CBC News Canada, 2013). Although the Idle No More movement originated in Saskatchewan, it attracted a large amount of attention through the use of mainstream media such as Facebook and Twitter, in addition to the use of flash mobs, and round dancesRead MoreThe 1920s and 1950s Red Scare1853 Words   |  8 PagesWorld, which was also called the I.W.W or the Wobblies. The Wobblies first strike was on January 21 1919 where about 35,000 shipyard workers struck. They were immediately labele d reds, or Communists. After the first strike mass panic struck the U.S and many major chain stores had to reassure their customers that their workers would not revolt. A mayor named Ole Hansen from Seattle took the Wobblies strikes personally. Strikes continued over the next 6 months and were labeled as â€Å"crimes against society†

Audit for Business Academy Review - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAudit for Business Academy Review. Answer: Background information The athletic department manages their deposits to business office and then reconcile all the revenues from the sales of the tickets and all these activities are managed by the office manager only. The company make their deposits on monthly basis and generally it includes more than $ 2,000 under checks and the receipts related to credit cards. Purpose of the audit Generally, the check and cash receipts are most of the time subject to the misappropriation if proper control is not followed. Further, as the checks include the bank information and name best practice must be maintained for the purpose of reconciliation. The cash audit will be carried out to ensure that the cash has been properly named and categorized at the time of preparing the financial statement[1]. Further, it will assure that the cash balances and the cash deposits are reconciled properly with regard to the dates that are reported under the financial statement. The audit will further assist in verifying and obtaining mathematical accuracy of the cash related transactions through tracing the opening as well as the closing balances. Moreover, the audit will assist in recognizing the errors related to deposits, withdrawals, overstatement or understatement of cash[2]. To assure that the records reveal the expenses and receipts of cash mentioned in the balance sheet, the auditor sh all analyse the cash disbursement and receipts for the specific period prior to the financial statement. Scope of the audit The scope of cash receipt audit was to identify the receipt of cash operation procedure and the associated records of the organization. The audit will be carried out as per the Auditing standards issued by the Comptroller general and government of the country and will include various tests related to the records and will include such other procedures of auditing as the auditor will feel necessary under the circumstances[3]. To fulfil the requirement of audit, the auditors will examine the cash related records of the department and the activities during the year of 2016. Full detail of managements plan, procedures and policies will be obtained by the auditor. Moreover, the auditor will scrutinize the internal control procedure with regard to the operations related to receipt of cash and recording of the revenues. As the office manage is solely answerable for all the cash related deposits and revenue from the sales of receipts, he will be asked to provide all the required details of au dit[4]. Further, the branch offices will be visited to confirm the daily collection, deposits, handling and recording of cash related transactions. Statement of condition Various loopholes were recognized regarding the cash receipts, deposits and reconciliation of the revenues. It was found that the office manager alone is solely responsible for the preparation of transmittals of deposits to business office and reconciliation of revenue received for sale of event tickets[5]. Further, the deposits are made on monthly basis and generally include receipt from credit card and more than $ 2000 in checks. Another issue was that the events are generally reconciled in two months period which is considered as quite a long time for the purpose of reconciliation. Finally, the major issue found was that the received monies are kept in the office managers desk keeping it in the manila envelopes till it is deposited in the bank. Moreover, during audit the auditor found shortage of cash amounted to $ 1,000. Conclusion and recommendation From the above discussion it is concluded that various issues are there with the company with regard to receipt, deposits and reconciliation of cash and revenue that may lead to fraud, misstatement or embezzlement of cash. Looking into the circumstances, the following measures are recommended Segregation of duties as the office manager is solely responsible for al the cash related transactions, there is a high chance of misstatement, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Separating the duties among 3 -4 employees will make it difficult to conceal the fraudulent transactions. Access all the employees responsible for the cash transactions shall be provided with proper training before handling the cash. The process shall be documented in writing and must be handed over to the employees before assigning the job. Documentation when the payment will be received, the responsible person shall record it immediately in the cash receipt register along with the details like date, amount and payer. The transaction number shall be unique and shall be matched at the time of reconciliation Reconciliation the reconciliation process shall be carried out at least twice in a month instead of delaying it for two months as with times the discrepancies may disappear and make it difficult to identify. References Agostino, Frank, Jairo G. Cano, and Matthew Turtoro. "How to Report Cash Receipts and Payments."J. Tax Prac. Proc.16 (2014): 21. Henderson, Jason Dean. "Financial Statement (2015)."Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. Vol. 95. 2016. LaShaw, Margie Ness, Tara Lambert, and David Sloan. "Implementing Faith in Accounting: Application in a Student Auditing Project Through Service to the University."Christian Business Academy Review11.1 (2016). Nazri, M. F., et al. "Misconducts in Record Keeping for Cash Businesses: Malaysian Evidence on Game-Playing Issues on Audit Estimates between Tax Representatives and the Tax Office."2nd International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Science, ICIBSoS 2013. Taylor and Francis-Balkema, 2014. Solieri, Steven A., and Joan Hodowanitz. "Electronic Audit Confirmations: Leveraging Technology to Reduce the Risk of Fraud."Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting8.1 (2016).